Installation: Python, miniconda and Jupyter

Python

Miniconda installation and confirguration

Jupyter installation and configuration

由于多个环境中只需要安装一个 Jupyter ，这里将 Jupyter 单独安装在一个环境中，对其他环境进行隔离。若安装在其他环境中，则运行 Jupyter 需要进入安装时的环境1。

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conda create -n jupyter # 创建jupyter环境
activate jupyter # 进入该环境
conda install jupyter notebook # 安装Jupyter包

运行 Jupyter Notebook 前，为了在不同 Conda 环境下运行文件，需要在jupyter环境中安装nb_conda_kernels包，并在其他需要用到的环境中安装ipykernel包.

conda activate jupyter
conda install nb_conda_kernels
conda activate [environmentName]
conda install ipykernel

运行 Jupyter Notebook 仍在Anaconda Prompt的 jupyter 环境下运行。 (之后关于 Jupyter 的操作均在jupyter环境下进行)

Jupyter in VS Code

Create new file *.ipynb in VS Code.

Familiarizing Yourself with Jupyter Notebooks

Here, we will review some essential keyboard shortcuts and notebook features, which will enable you to use notebooks competently. A notebook has two modes of operation2:

Command Mode (Press `esc` to activate)

When in command mode, you can use keyboard shortcuts to create/delete/cut/paste notebook cells, and to change a cell’s type between code and markdown modes. Your selected cell will be surrounded by a blue border when you are in command mode. For a complete listing of keyboard shortcuts, toward the top of the notebook click Help > Keyboard Shortcuts. The most critical shortcuts are:

create a new cell above the current cell: a
create a new cell below the current cell: b
delete the current cell: dd
restart the notebook kernel (kill all executions and erase all defined variables): 00
change the current cell’s type to “Code”: y
change the current cell’s type to “Markdown”: m

Edit Mode (Press `Enter` to activate)

Edit mode simply permits you to type text into the selected cell. When in edit mode, the current cell will be surrounded by a green border. There are two commands for executing a cell:

execute current cell: <CTRL>+<ENTER>
execute current cell and then create a new cell below: <SHIFT>+<ENTER>

By default, a cell will be a code-type cell, meaning that its content will be formatted and executed as Python code. Just as you saw when using the IPython notebook, <TAB> can be used to perform autocomplete. Additionally, when your cursor is on the name of a Python function in your code, <SHIFT>+<TAB> will bring up a small window with the function’s documentations string. This is very useful.

packages

matplotlib

matplotlib is a very powerful plotting library for making amazing visualizations for publications, personal use, or even web and desktop applications. matplotlib can create almost any two dimensional visualization you can think of, including histograms, scatter plots, bivariate plots, and image displays. For some inspiration, check out the matplotlib example gallery which includes the source code required to generate each example5.

matplotlib API - state-machine versus object-oriented

One part of matplotlib that may be initially confusing is that matplotlib contains two main methods of making plots - the object-oriented method, and the state-machine method.

A very good overview of the difference between the two usages is provided by Jake Vanderplas. Specifically,

If you need a primer on matplotlib beyond what is here I suggest: Python Like you Mean It or the matplotlib users guide.

In general, I think you should use the object-oriented API. While more complicated, is a much more powerful way of creating plots and should be used when developing more complicated visualizations. I always recommend the OO API.

Errors

import rasterio and gdal failed

1	`ImportError: DLL load failed while importing _base: The specified module could not be found.`

Soloution:

rasterio与GDAL版本不匹配。rasterio目前支持的GDAL版本为1.11.x 到 2.4.x.，而目前conda自动安装的gdal版本为3.x，因此在rasterio时需要指定GDAL版本3.

I encountered the same problem as you and has finished solving it. First, You need to ensure that gdal version is still 2.x. If no, just remove it4.

Run

$ conda remove rasterio gdal -y

$ conda install -c "conda-forge/label/rasterio_dev" rasterio

$ python

(base) PS C:\Users\mengy> python
Python 3.9.12 (main, Apr  4 2022, 05:22:27) [MSC v.1916 64 bit (AMD64)] :: Anaconda, Inc. on win32
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> import rasterio
>>> print("rasterio's version is: " + rasterio.__version__)
rasterio's version is: 1.2.10